A model of supervision refers to the way in which supervision is delivered. The model can vary according to:
- Level of training of the registrar
- Documented competence of the registrar
- Context of the training site including demographics and situation
Various models have been described including one-on-one with a single supervisor, team supervision (more than one supervisor), remote supervision (where the supervisor spends some or all of the time off-site), blended supervision (a combination of any of the other models of supervision).
The model selected must be by agreement of all involved. It must address the factors above in such a way that registrar and patient safety are protected and to make sure that registrars always have access to a supervisor.
In matching competency to the model of supervision, the Progressive capability profile of the general practitioner describes four milestones in the training journey towards Fellowship. These are matched to the type of supervision.
- Entry: commencement of training in general practice under direct supervision.
- Foundation: competency sufficient to transition to indirect supervision with reliable access to supervisory support and close oversight of practice.
- Consolidation: competency level allowing registrar to work largely independently in general practice. Still requires some supervisory support and mentorship.
- Fellowship: marks the competency to work as an independent GP without supervision.
As registrars progress towards the competency expected at Fellowship, the level of direct supervision and oversight reduce. They will still require access to a supervisor, but this may be via remote means. How quickly this occurs will depend on the registrar and their assessed rate of progression.
Some registrars may have supervisory requirements related to their registration with the Medical Board. Often, the Medical Board level of supervision will align with that of the training program but where this does not occur, the level of supervision required is the higher level required by either the Medical Board or the RACGP.
As supervisors are responsible for their registrar in practice, they must be able to justify how they have assessed competency of their registrar, how the model has been selected to ensure safety and how it is evaluated during the term.
Of note are registrars when they first commence in general practice. Registrars commencing general practice are best supervised onsite to ensure patient safety. There may be circumstances in which an alternative model of supervision is required but supervisors must ensure that there is time allocated to assess safety and competence and to build the educational alliance with the registrar.
Practices and supervisors should complete a clinical supervision plan. A clinical supervision plan outlines the supervisory model and clearly defines:
- When the registrar needs to seek supervision.
- Access to supervision which includes who and how to contact.
- A risk management plan to address difficulty in accessing supervision.
- The roles and responsibilities of all those involved in supervision.
- Leave arrangements, i.e., plans to ensure continuous supervision for when the supervisor is absent as either planned or unplanned leave.
Where a practice has a branch or where a registrar works at more than one practice, each site must be accredited and have a suitable model of supervision and clinical supervision plan.
Training sites with remote supervision must provide a plan outlining how supervision is matched to the registrar’s competency and experience and the context of the training site. It must also include how support and registrar and patient safety is maintained including risks and mitigation strategies. The plan must be monitored and regularly reviewed.
Registrars must always have access to clinical support. Usually, this support comes from the supervisor with the detail about how support is obtained determined early in the term and documented in a clinical supervision plan. Advice may at times be appropriately obtained from other members of the practice team, for example asking the practice manager about billing or a practice nurse about appropriate selection of wound dressings. Registrars will also seek support from their existing professional networks and from evidence based clinical support guidelines. The supervisor, however, is ultimately responsible for ensuring that the sources of advice are appropriate. For clinical advice, this should be from a GP with specialist general practice registration.