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Measles fact sheet and checklist


Page last updated 16 April 2025

 

Measles fact sheet and checklist 


Measles was officially eliminated from Australia in 2014. However, there has been a re-emergence of cases locally following international outbreaks.

This resource has been designed to support general practices in the event of a possible measles presentation in their practice and includes a downloadable checklist to support prevention, response and recovery.

The Good GP podcast (an education podcast for busy GPs; brought to you by Dr Tim Koh, Dr Krystyna DeLange and Dr Sean Stevens, in collaboration with RACGP WA) has recently released an episode 'Measles Outbreak Preparedness: Essential Knowledge for GPs'. See the podcast video here or listen via your usual podcast platform by searching 'The Good GP'.
 

Case study: Northern Beaches Medical Centre (2019)

One Friday afternoon, a young man walked into our consulting room. He had recently returned from a holiday in New Zealand and had presented a few days earlier with flu-like symptoms. The flu swab had come back negative and this time he was complaining of a rash and conjunctivitis. Being aware there had been a large measles outbreak in New Zealand, we knew that we had to act quickly.

We isolated the man and contacted NSW Health to notify a suspected case of measles. We closed the practice and ensured all people who had been in the waiting room, and our staff, were managed for exposure. This included checking immunisation status and offering on-the-spot immunisations to anyone not fully vaccinated. We also administered immunoglobulin to one person who could not have the live vaccine.

The whole practice underwent a clean, including the waiting room, consultation room and bathroom. Contact tracing was carried out by NSW Health for those who may have been in contact with the patient during his previous visit to the practice. Contacts were identified by extracting time stamp information from our practice management system. Fifty per cent of those contacted came back to   the practice within 24 hours, where they were managed by the one allocated GP.

The man’s condition deteriorated, resulting in pneumonia. After a brief hospitalisation, we’re glad to say he made a full recovery from measles.

This case was a wake-up call for the whole practice. In these cases, you need to be proactive and work as a team to keep patients and staff safe. This case has also focused our attention on patients’ travel histories.

Dr Jonathan Adams and Dr Penny Burns

 
  • Measles is a notifiable disease in all states and territories in Australia.
  • Those born after 1966 and before 1994 are at higher risk of catching measles as they are most likely to have only had one dose of measles vaccine. Those born before 1966 are assumed to have acquired immunity through natural infection.1
  • The recommended two doses of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine (M-M-R II and Priorix, available in Australia) provide protection against measles to over 99% of those who receive it.2
  • Initial symptoms include fever, malaise, dry cough, runny nose and sore red eyes, followed by whole-of-body red blotchy rash. The rash is typically not itchy.3
  • Initial symptoms include:
    • fever
    • malaise
    • dry cough
    • runny nose
    • sore red eyes.3
  • These initial symptoms are followed by whole-of-body red blotchy rash. The rash is typically not itchy.3
  • The incubation period is typically 10–14 days. A person is typically infectious from the beginning of the prodromal period (typically two to four days before rash onset) and for up to four days after the rash appears.2
  • Post-exposure vaccination with the first of a two‑dose course of the MMR vaccine (if administered within three days) or administration of immunoglobulin (if administered within six days), as indicated, can mitigate risk for non‑immune people.2 The full course is to be completed as per age recommendations.
  • Children can receive MMR vaccine from six months of age in certain circumstances, including travel to areas of high risk or for post-exposure prophylaxis for measles. If vaccinated <11 months of age, it is recommended the first dose be repeated.2
  • The combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) vaccine is only registered for use in children aged 12 months to 12 years and should not be used as an alternative to the MMR vaccine in adults.2
  • There is a current concern regarding decreased rates of routine immunisation overseas due to COVID-19 and the increased risk of measles cases in travelers returning from overseas.4
 
  • Measles is one of the world’s most contagious viral diseases: nine out of 10 people who are unimmunised and exposed to the virus will be infected.3
  • Around 10% of measles cases involve complications. These range from fever and rash, to pneumonia (6:100), otitis media (9:100) and acute encephalitis (1:1000). Sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis is a rare late complication of measles (1:100,000) with an average onset of seven years post-infection and which is nearly always fatal.2,5
  • Immunisation rates of 95% are required for herd immunity to prevent outbreaks in a community.6 Current Australian coverage is 92.21%  for children aged two years.7
  • It is estimated that extensive global vaccination campaigns have successfully prevented an estimated 60 million deaths between 2000–2023. Vaccination decreased an estimated measles deaths from 800 062 in 2000 to 107 500 in 2022.8
 

This checklist can be used to support your practice’s prevention, response and recovery efforts in relation to possible measles presentations in your practice.

Download the checklist

 
  1. National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance. Why people born between 1966 and 1994 are at greater risk of measles – And what to do about it. Westmead: NCIRS, 2019. Available at www.ncirs.org.au/why-people-born-between-1966-and-1994-are-greater-risk-measles-and-what-do-about-it [Accessed 4 April 2023]
  2. Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation. Australian Immunisation Handbook: Measles. Canberra: Department of Health and Aged Care, 2023. Available at https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccine-preventable-diseases/measles [Accessed 31 March 2025]
  3. Department of Health and Aged Care. Diseases: Measles, 2022. Available  at  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/measles [Accessed 4 April 2023]
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Global Measles Outbreaks, 2023. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ measles/data/global-measles-outbreaks.html   [Accessed  4  April 2023]
  5. National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance. Comparing risks: Measles. Westmead: NCIRS, 2019. Available at www.ncirs.org.au/mmr-vaccine-decision-aid/comparing-risks- measles [Accessed 7 November 2019]
  6. World Health Organization. New measles surveillance data for 2019. Geneva: WHO, 2019. Available at https://www.who.int/news/item/15-05-2019-new-measles-surveillance-data-for-2019 [Accessed 4 April 2023]
  7. Department of Health and Aged Care. Current coverage data tables for all children. Canberra: Department of Health and Aged Care, 2025. Available at https://www.health.gov.au/topics/immunisation/immunisation-data/childhood-immunisation-coverage/current-coverage-data-tables-for-all-children  [Accessed 31 March 2025]
  8. World Health Organization. Measles. Geneva: WHO, 2024. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles  [Accessed 1 April 2025]
  9. Department of Health and Aged Care. Travellers’ health alerts: Measles outbreaks 2019. Available at https://www.health.gov.au/topics/communicable-diseases?utm_source=health.gov.au&utm_medium=callout-auto-custom&utm_campaign=digital_transformation [Accessed 4 April 2023]
  10. Measles. Melbourne: Victorian Government Department of Health and Human Services, 2015. Available at https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/measles [Accessed 23 May 2023]

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