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What is GDM?GDM is defined as ‘any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy’. GDM affects approximately 8–10% of pregnancies in Australia.1 It includes previously unrecognised type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and, rarely, type 1 DM arising in pregnancy. In most...

Stress is a state that can be precipitated by a range of factors, including unpleasant circumstances, that, when chronic, cause the signs and symptoms of anxiety in its sufferers, such as poor sleep, impaired concentration and irritability.Why stress?The explanation of stress seems to lie in the...

Figure 1. Incidence and mortality from thyroid cancer in Australia Source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) 2012. ACIM (Australian Cancer Incidence and Mortality) Books. AIHW: Canberra.Ways in which overdiagnosis is occurringOur increased detection and labelling of people as...

Phases of wound healingWound healing has classically been described to occur in three phases, regardless of the mechanism of injury. These phases are the inflammatory, the proliferative and the remodelling phases.1–3The inflammatory phase is the body’s natural response to injury and takes place...

The disease has a peculiar geographical distribution, with the highest reported prevalence in northwest England, and is also common in Australia, New Zealand and North America, reflecting the high frequency of British ancestry in these countries.4 The disease is uncommon in other regions such as...

Information theory defines information as the reduction of uncertainty between the receiver and the source.7 In the context of this theory, a doctor is defined as the source of information and the patient the receiver of information. This theory is useful in that it provides a testable definition...

Despite Australia having a publically funded healthcare system (Medicare), which ensures access to medical care regardless of income, some vulnerable groups may still have difficulty accessing mainstream primary healthcare (PHC) services. These populations include at risk young people, injecting...

In 1971, when the Aboriginal Medical Service (AMS) Redfern opened its doors, Medicare did not exist and the only option for most Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families living in inner Sydney was to attend an emergency department or rely on the goodwill of local general practitioners. Many...

Australia's prison population grew to 29 106 – an increase of 30% – in the decade to 2011.2 Indigenous Australians are over-represented in prison by a factor of 14, and this incarceration gap continues to widen. More than 50 000 adults pass through Australia's prisons annually3 and the ex...

Case studyMr B, 65 years of age, presented with a painful black left toe. He complained of pain and bluish discoloration of his left foot for the past 8 months, which had worsened in the past 3 weeks. He experienced no numbness or paraesthesia, and did not recall any trauma to his left foot or...