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Nailfold capillary examination in Raynaud’s phenomenon assists in distinguishing between primary Raynaud’s and secondary Raynaud’s that is associated with an underlying connective tissue disease. Instruments used to observe capillaries in the living skin have ranged from magnifying glasses to...

Asthma is among the most commonly managed chronic problems in general practice.1 About 2.3 million Australians (10.2%) had asthma in 2011–12, a significantly lower prevalence than in 2001 (11.6%).2 About 11% of boys and 6% of girls aged 0–14 years have diagnosed asthma.3 Inhaled corticosteroids...

Headache is a common presenting problem in the primary care setting and this is especially true for the paediatric population. There are variations in incidence but studies have shown a prevalence of >10% for migraines and chronic daily headache in adolescent populations.1–3 Interestingly...

Although such classifications first appeared in the 1960s, there remain those who consider primary headaches to reflect a continuum in which the nature, character and quality of the headaches change with time.2,6 In a study of almost 100 patients with chronic headache history of 20 years median...

Australia has good epidemiological data concerning eye disease and visual loss from two large cross-sectional, population-based studies: the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project and the Blue Mountains Eye Study, which together have provided data on nearly 9000 participants. These studies highlight...

In 2005, the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a landmark report, From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition.2 This report recognised the multitude of issues facing cancer survivors and the need to address the serious medical, functional and psychosocial consequences of...

A high index of suspicion is required for the diagnosis of neuropathic pain as it can develop slowly over time. If neuropathic pain is suspected, a validated diagnostic screening tool such as the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS), the Self reported LANSS (S-LANSS), the...

Key to this is to distinguish evidence about bone density (a risk factor) from evidence about fracture (a health outcome) prevention. Osteoporosis only causes symptoms or impact on the patient when there is a fracture, so fracture outcome data takes precedence over bone density data in guiding...

Although often undiagnosed, at least 6% of patients who present to general practice have borderline personality disorder (BPD).1 The demands of caring for a small infant will prompt many new mothers to present for help. Some of these women may only partially fulfil BPD diagnostic criteria, but...

Constipation is a common problem in childhood, affecting an estimated 3% of children worldwide and up to 30% in some settings.1–3 There is a degree of variability in the expected frequency of stools in healthy children; however, most children pass stools every two to three days, whereas breastfed...