The Australian government administers the Health Insurance Act 1973 through Medicare Australia, a publicly funded insurance system that reimburses patients for a proportion of their personal medical costs. This reimbursement is sometimes referred to as a patient rebate.
Medicare determines which services are reimbursed and the amount to be reimbursed, and specifies these in the Medicare Benefit Schedule (MBS).
Anyone in your practice delivering health care services must have a thorough knowledge of the MBS to ensure that they:
- comply with the legal requirements for billing
- know about all the service claims your practice is eligible to make.
Medicare billing rules
Maintaining a thorough knowledge of the MBS is required in order to comply with the legal requirements for billing MBS items. Some Medicare rules include:
90 day pay doctor cheque scheme
When a patient has not fully paid their medical account and is entitled to a Medicare rebate, the patient can request for a
Pay Doctor via Claimant (PDVC) cheque to be drawn. The patient is sent a PDVC cheque which they must forward to the doctor as payment. When the practitioner lodges a claim with Services Australia for an unpaid or partially paid medical account, the patient is sent a PDVC cheque which they must forward to the practitioner as payment. Doctors are automatically paid the Medicare rebate via Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) if the patient doesn’t provide the practitioner with the cheque, or it is not banked after 90 days.
GPs do not need to register for the scheme if they submit claims electronically for unpaid or partially paid patient accounts. Visit the
Services Australia website for more information.
Charging the gap fee only
Unlike other forms of health insurance, current legislation prevents patients from
paying the difference between their benefit (patient rebate) and the total fee for the service. Instead, privately billed patients are required to pay the whole fee and subsequently obtain reimbursement for their benefit from Medicare. The
Health Insurance Act 1973 provides the legislative framework for the payment of Medicare benefits. It is important that patients are made aware and understand they need to pay in full on the day of the consultation.
Bulk billing and additional charges
If you decide to bulk bill a patient,
no additional costs (ie dressing costs) can be passed on to that patient. Deciding to
privately bill a patient automatically precludes bulk billing or any use of bulk billing incentives. If you find that the costs of dressings and other consumables are prohibitive, consider privately billing the patient to cover your expenses. You could consider privately billing more consultations.
GPs also cannot charge ‘membership fees’ if they wish bulk bill their patients. However, one way that this can be incorporated is to privately bill the first consultation with the patient each year, and for subsequent consultations to be bulk billed.
The Department of Health and Aged Care has developed an
educational resource providing information on Medicare requirements for bulk billing and the charging of additional fees to patients.
Split billing
Where you provide multiple services on a single occasion, you can choose to bulk bill some or all of those services (‘split billing’). The exception is when the Multiple Operational Rule affects the services. In this case the provider can use only one claiming channel. This also applies to the diagnostic imaging multiple services rules (DIMSR). Further information is outlined in
MBS Note GN.7.17 and on the
Services Australia website.
Further information on these and other Medicare considerations is outlined in the
RACGP guide to introducing mixed billing in your practice.
Bulk billing
Bulk billing means that you allow your patient to assign their MBS rebate to you as full payment for a service, which means the patient does not have to personally pay you for the service then claim for reimbursement from Medicare.
When you bulk bill a patient, you cannot charge any additional fee, including the cost of consumables (except for vaccines).
If your practice is unwilling or unable to absorb the cost of consumables for a service, you might consider directly charging your patient a fee for the service (which can be equal to or greater than the value of their MBS rebate). By directly billing your patient instead of bulk billing, you can include additional charges for the cost of consumables used in the service. Another option is to ask the patient to pre-purchase the required consumables and bring them to the consultation, in which case your practice can bulk bill the patient for the service without having to absorb the cost of the consumable.
You are not required to bulk bill any service, nor obliged to set your fees according to the value of MBS rebates. You can, however, bulkbill some patients for some services, at your discretion. Some GPs do this to help patients experiencing financial difficulties.
Case study: practice membership fee
If your patients rely on bulk billing, consider how you can continue to offer this and recuperate costs without losing eligibility for the bulk billing incentive.
You can adapt your billing models to suit you and your patients. If you predominantly bulk bill some or all of your patients, consider directly charging them privately for a service (at least) once, which allows you to charge an additional annual ‘practice membership fee’ as part of that transaction.
Practices that provide services eligible for a bulk billing incentive may be hesitant to charge patients an out-of-pocket cost because it means the practice forfeits the incentive payment. As a result, the practice would need to charge patients a higher out-of-pocket fee to make up for the loss of the incentive. However, an annual ‘practice membership fee’ may suit the GPs, the practice and their patients.
It could work like this: The practice raises an account for each patient for what would otherwise be that patient’s first bulk billed consultation of the financial year. After that, billing of any particular patient is at the GP’s discretion. The annual fee allows the GP or practice to recuperate the costs associated with providing high quality services, and all subsequent bulk billed services continue to attract the bulk billing incentive and are compliant with Medicare rules.
Example provided by Dr Emil Djakic, GP and Practice Owner in Ulverstone Tasmania.
Medicare Safety Net
The Medicare Safety Net is an additional form of cover for patients and families whose medical costs in a calendar year exceed a specified threshold called the Original Medicare Safety Net (OMSN) threshold.
Every time a patient or family member claims from Medicare, the Department of Human Services records the out-of-pocket cost. When the total of those out-of-pocket costs reaches the threshold in a calendar year, the patient or family receive a higher rebate for out-of-hospital costs they subsequently pay in that calendar year.
Extended Medicare Safety Net
Medicare also operates an Extended Medicare Safety Net (EMSN), which has a higher threshold than the OMSN. After a patient or family’s out-of-pocket expenses reach this threshold, they are reimbursed both the higher rebate under the OMSN, plus 80% of their out-of-hospital costs they subsequently pay in that calendar year.