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Chapter 14

The doctor and the importance of self-care

Abuse and violence: Working with our patients in general practice
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  2. Recommendations
  3. Figures and tables
  5. Resources
  6. Provided under licence

Key messages

  • Working with those who are experiencing family violence can be emotionally challenging and result in the experience of vicarious trauma 315
  • It is important to maintain an environment, both individually and in practice, where there is adequate protection from burnout or the vicarious trauma that may come from hearing the stories of patients involved in abuse and violence 315–317
Table 1

Table 1

Coding scheme used for levels of evidence and grades of recommendation 

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Recommendation
Health practitioners cannot give to others if they are experiencing compassion fatigue, so it is advised that self-care and a whole of practice approach be addressed so that patients receive the best care

Practice point
Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies or reports of expert committees

  1. Clode D, Boldero J. Keeping the doctor alive – a self care guide book for medical practitioners. Melbourne: The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, 2005.

Recommendation
Working as a team within the practice by using a system that provides peer support and the ability to discuss distressing cases may help protect against stress

Practice point
Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies or reports of expert committees

  1. Coles J, Dartnall E, Astbury J. Preventing the pain when working with family and sexual violence in primary care. Int J Fam Med 2013;2013:7.

Managing the effects of abuse and violence on our patients can be a rewarding aspect of general practice, however, it can be stressful. If GPs feel empowered, then that empowerment can positively enhance the doctor–patient interaction. Factors that may contribute to this enhancement are ongoing training, clearly delineated practice policies, case management supervision, peer support, clear doctor–patient boundaries and a developed network of resources and referrals.

As well as the usual stresses associated with difficult and time-consuming clinical encounters, there are factors that are important for GPs to address when working with patients who have experienced abuse or are currently being abused. The trauma that these patients have experienced constantly challenges our individual limits and drains personal resources.319 GPs often face professional isolation, ambiguous success, unreciprocated giving and failure to live up to our own expectations for ensuring positive change.320 Dealing with these issues is important, not just for the health of the GP, but also so that we can maintain as objective a stance as possible to facilitate a successful outcome for the patient, and maintain good relationships with the patient’s family, friends and community.

Vicarious traumatisation is the inner transformation of the care givers experience as ‘a result of empathic engagement with victims, clients and their trauma material’.321 It can ‘encompass changes in frame of reference, identity, sense of safety, ability to trust, self-esteem, intimacy and a sense of control’.322 This is a particular danger when dealing with those who are, or have, experienced abuse and violence. GPs who have a similar background to the community they serve are at a higher risk of vicarious trauma. This may include GPs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent, those who were refugees and many international medical graduates (IMGs). These situations will be particularly difficult for GPs who have personally experienced abuse or have experience abuse in their families.

It is important to maintain an environment in which there is adequate protection from burnout or the vicarious trauma that may come from hearing the stories of patients involved in abuse and violence. The medical profession has a ‘long and admirable, but often unhealthy, tradition of self-sacrifice to work’.316 Those who work in this field need to be vigilant about ways to overcome compassion fatigue, renew the joy in practice, create life balance,317 and adequately care for their own physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health.

A rural perspective

GPs who work in rural areas are at a higher risk of problems with stress, burnout and vicarious trauma. They are highly likely to find it difficult to access locums, peer support and ongoing training, and usually have more after-hours work, are more isolated and find it more difficult to maintain clear boundaries between themselves and their patients.316

‘You cannot give to others out of emptiness in yourself’ (Quote from a GP)

Saakvitne and Pearlman321 developed a model that allows GPs to explore their situation and think about solutions. This occurs by identifying issues of awareness, balance and connection in each of the GP’s ‘realms’:

  • personal
  • professional
  • organisational.

Using this model (Table 21) may help set the stage for good self-care319,321

Table 21. Example of awareness, balance and connection strategies

Table 21

Example of awareness, balance and connection strategies 

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The following explores this model in relation to the management of patients who are experiencing or have experienced abuse or violence.

Awareness

Personal

  • When the GP has a similar background to the patient, the possibility of family violence may be more difficult for to consider115 as the GP may actually have ‘normalised’ the abuse and disregarded it.322
  • Others may feel more personally vulnerable when abuse is disclosed.
  • The GP can be drawn into the deceit; the unwillingness to openly discuss or report the violence.115
  • The GP may feel powerless and fearful for the patient’s safety when that patient chooses a path the GP considers dangerous.115
  • The patient could remain at risk and the GP has to learn to live with that concern.115
  • It is a difficult and stressful path supporting and empowering the patient while resisting the temptation to be directive.115
  • Hearing about abuse and violence confronts the GP’s own beliefs about the family and the world. It can make them feel uncomfortable and challenge their own sense of security.
  • Dealing with complex and seemingly hopeless situations over and over again can erode the GP’s optimism and self-confidence, and diminish their sense of purpose and enjoyment of their career.324
  • It is important for GPs to stay connected with their core reasons for choosing to work in a challenging area and to maintain a respect for the patients themselves.325
  • GPs need to recognise their personal signals of distress and find ways to articulate the feelings and act to redress the distress.326
  • The lack of safety and security in the lives of patients involved in abuse and violence repeatedly confirms the physical and emotional perception of alarm, danger and its impact. The GP may also be left with the same feelings of a personal sense of vulnerability and intolerance of violence.
  • Courage involves stepping outside their comfort zone but not so far that they lose their own sense of safety.

Professional

  • Dealing with the perpetrator of abuse or violence is even more difficult than dealing with the victim, especially in rural practices where the entire family is likely to be well known to the GP.115
  • The GP is likely to also feel at risk, especially if they are drawn into the power dynamics of the violence or if they are dealing with the perpetrator.115
  • Maintaining an ‘intellectual engagement’ with difficult work can assist as a protective strategy.325

Organisational

GPs have been trained to deal with individuals and to take personal responsibility but are now moving towards working in teams.326 This brings challenges around sharing information and maintaining confidentiality.

Dealing with abuse and violence requires using a whole-of-practice approach and working with other services in the community.

Balance

Personal

  • Lifestyle choices that promote ‘wellness’ include relationships, religion or spirituality, focusing on success, maintaining a balance in life and a positive outlook,317 as well as simple measures such as getting enough sleep, exercise, nutrition and laughter.
  • There is a need for purposeful physical, intellectual, spiritual and relationship sustenance.317
  • Without a positive countervailing exposure to human good and world order, a GP may experience the same loss of a sense of personal control, freedom and trust.

Professional

  • Appropriate support for the doctor in training and clinical practice needs to be readily available, especially considering that 14% of male doctors and 31% of female doctors have a personal history of child abuse or physical violence with an intimate partner.115
  • GPs with less perceived control, greater stress from uncertainty, higher job demands and fewer social supports are at greater risk of burnout.327
  • One of the difficult balances in abuse and violence is the stress of maintaining confidentiality and still getting added support from other health professionals.
  • Learn to celebrate small achievements rather than feel overwhelmed by the big picture.322
  • As with other complex and time-consuming occupations, it is important to have clear boundaries between work and home, attend peer support groups and maintain professional development and training activities.324
  • As a defence against the sometimes intense feelings of helplessness, a GP may take on the role of a rescuer or saviour. There is a fine line between caring for someone and disempowering them from finding their own solutions.

Organisational

  • Organisational balance involves a sense of control over the practice environment, social support from colleagues and satisfaction with work demands and resources.327
  • Many organisations may become caught in a struggle between promoting the wellbeing of their patients and trying to cope with the policies and structures in a system that tends to stifle the empowerment and wellbeing of their staff.328
  • There needs to be a balance between caring for patients appropriately by giving them the time they need, earning a reasonable income and satisfying the organisations’ requirements for performance.322
  • GPs need physical security and a safe, confidential workplace, support for continuing education, and adequate vacation and sick leave.
  • Problem-solving rather than blaming helps the patient and the GP be more objective and balanced.323
  • Staff will be supported by a shared aim and purpose, adequate staffing and a sense of team management. This will decrease the risk to individuals within the practice, as well as to the organisation.
  • Control working hours in the challenging area and, if possible, balance this with other less challenging jobs.325

Connection

Personal

  • Working in teams is associated with being better able to cope with stress.315,326
  • If a GP is becoming burnt out, there may be increased substance use, pessimism and suspiciousness of patients and colleagues.324
  • If a GP is experiencing compassion fatigue or burnout, they need to ask for help and find activities that connect with mind, body and support networks.324
  • Social support systems can provide understanding and renew emotional reserves.324

Professional

  • Confidentially debriefing with colleagues can reduce stress levels by sharing the experience.
  • Normalise emotional reactions, develop more understanding of reactions and learn stress management strategies.
  • Peer support groups, professional development and training activities can be replenishing and reinforce the value and meaning of work.

Organisational

  • Working and communicating well as a team with the GPs, practice nurses and receptionists within the practice, and with public health nurses, teachers, police and other agencies, is very important in the identification and management of abuse and violence.115

This chapter has highlighted the importance of self-care for the GP when working with families experiencing violence and abuse. It encourages self-reflection, peer support and working as a whole of practice approach to these families.

Resources

Please refer to Appendix 7 for resources nationally and in your area.

Further information

Keeping the doctor alive – this guidebook provides information and resources on strategies for self-care as an essential element of professional life. It aims to encourage medical practitioners to recognise and discuss the challenges facing them, promote self-care as an integral and accepted part of the professional life of medical practitioners, and assists medical practitioners to develop useful strategies for self-care. It is available to purchase from the RACGP website.

General practice – a safe place: tips and tools – available free

Rowe L, Kidd M. First do no harm: being a resilient doctor in the 21st century. North Ryde: McGraw Hill Australia, 2009.

Understanding and addressing vicarious trauma. Headington Institute.

Vicarious Trauma

RACGP GP Support Program – a free service offered by the RACGP to foster a culture of self-care. It is available to all Australian RACGP members who are registered medical practitioners, regardless of where you live or work. Members can access professional advice to help cope with life’s stressors which may include personal and work related issues that can impact on their wellbeing, work performance, safety, workplace morale and psychological health. The GP Support Program can provide help to RACGP members with a range of issues, including: handling work pressures, managing conflict, grief and loss, relationship issues, concerns about children, anxiety and depression, alcohol and drug issues, traumatic incidents.

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