Red Book

Overview

Development of the Red Book

The Red Book, 9th edn, has been developed by a team of general practitioners (GPs) and experts to ensure that the content is the most valuable and useful for GPs and their teams. The content broadly conforms to the highest evidence-based standards according to the principles underlying the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE) tool.62,63

The dimensions addressed are:

  • scope and purpose
  • clarity of presentation
  • rigour of development
  • stakeholder involvement
  • applicability
  • editorial independence.

The Red Book maintains developmental rigour, editorial independence, and relevance and applicability to general practice.


The recommendations in the Red Book are based on current, evidence-based guidelines for preventive activities. Focus has been on those most relevant to Australian general practice. Usually, this means that the recommendations are based on Australian guidelines such as those endorsed by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC).

Where NHMRC guidelines are not available or recent, other sources have been used, such as guidelines from the National Heart Foundation of Australia, Canadian or US preventive guidelines, or the results of systematic reviews. References to support these recommendations are listed. However, particular references may relate only to part of the recommendation (eg only relating to one of the high-risk groups listed), and other references in the section may have been considered in formulating the overall recommendation.

These recommendations are based on the best available information at the time of writing (May 2015 to May 2016). Any updated information will be posted on The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners’ (RACGP) website. More information and guidelines can be found on the NHMRC website, the Australian Government clinical guidelines portal and the Cochrane Collaboration website.

  1. Britt H MG, Henderson J, Bayram C, et al. General practice activity in Australia 2014–15. Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2015.
  2. Australian Government Preventative Health Taskforce. Australia: The healthiest country by 2020 – National preventative health strategy. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2009. Available at www.preventativehealth.
  3. AEC223A781D64FF0CA2575FD00075DD0/$File/nphsoverview.pdf [Accessed 15 December 2015].
  4. Begg S, Vos T BB, Stevenson C, Stanley L, Lopez AD. The burden of disease and injury in Australia 2003. Canberra: AIHW, 2007.
  5. Cancer Australia. Cancer Australia position statements. Surrey Hills, NSW: Cancer Australia, 2016 position-statements/lifestyle-risk-factors-and-primaryprevention-cancer [Accessed 5 May 2016].
  6. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Chronic disease risk factors. Canberra: AIHW, 2016. Available at www. [Accessed 3 May 2016].Council of Australian Governments Health Services. Promoting good health, prevention and early intervention. Canberra: COAG, 2006 [Accessed 15 December 2015].
  7. Department of Health. National Primary Health Care Strategic Framework. Canberra: DOH, 2013 nphc-strategic-framework [Accessed 18 March 2016].
  8. Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision. National agreement performance information 2011–12: National healthcare agreement. Canberra: Productivity Commission, 2011.
  9. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s health 2014. Canberra: AIHW, 2014.
  10. Vos T, Carter R, Barendregt J, et al. Assessing costeffectiveness in prevention (ACE–Prevention): Final report. Herston, Qld: University of Queensland; and Burwood, Vic: Deakin University, 2010.
  11. Mazza D, Shand LK, Warren N, Keleher H, Browning CJ, Bruce EJ. General practice and preventive health care: A view through the eyes of community members. Med J Aust 2011;195(4):180–83.
  12. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Chronic diseases and associated risk factors in Australia. Canberra: AIHW, 2006 [Accessed 5 May 2016].
  13. Gray JA, Patnick J, Blanks RG. Maximising benefit and minimising harm of screening. BMJ 2008;336(7642):480–83.
  14. Morrison AS. Screening. In: Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL, editors. Modern epidemiology, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven,1998.
  15. Aldrich R, Kemp L, Williams JS, et al. Using socioeconomic evidence in clinical practice guidelines. BMJ 2003;327(7426):1283–85.
  16. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Smoking, nutrition, alcohol, physical activity (SNAP): A population health guide to behavioural risk factors in general practice. 2nd edn. East Melbourne, Vic: RACGP, 2015.
  17. Krogsbøll LT, Jørgensen KJ, Grønhøj Larsen C, Gøtzsche PC. General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;345:e7191.
  18. World Health Organization. Screening for various cancers. Geneva: WHO, 2008 detection/variouscancer/en [Accessed 3 May 2016].
  19. Wilson J, Jungner Y. Principles and practices of screening for disease. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1968.
  20. UK National Health Services. What is screening? London: UK National Screening Committee, 2015 [Accessed 6 January 2016].
  21. Bouleware LE, Barnes GJ, Wilson RF, et al. Systematic review: The value of the periodic health evaluation. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:289–300.
  22. Dolan M, Simons-Morton D, Ramirez G, Frankowski R, Green L, Mains D. A meta-analysis of trials evaluating patient education and counselling for three groups of preventive health behaviors. Patient Educ Couns 1997;32(3):157–73.
  23. Nutbeam D. Building health literacy in Australia. Med J Aust 2009;191(10):525–26.
  24. Trachtenberg F, Dugan E, Hall M. How patients’ trust relates to their involvement in medical care. J Fam Pract 2005;54(4):344–52.
  25. Ellis S, Speroff T, Dittus R, Brown A, Pichert J, Elasy T. Diabetes patient education: A meta-analysis and metaregression. Pat Educ Couns 2004;52(1):97–105.
  26. Lewin S, Skea Z, Entwistle V, Zwarenstein M, Dick J. Interventions for providers to promote a patient-centred approach in clinical consultations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;4: CD003267.
  27. Mead N, Bower P. Patient-centred consultations and outcomes in primary care. Patient Educ Couns 2002;48(1):51–61.
  28. Rao J, Weinberger M, Kroenke K. Visit-specific expectations and patient-centred outcomes: Literature review. Arch Fam Med 2000;9(10):1149–55.
  29. Schauffler H, Rodriguez T, Milstein A. Health education and patient satisfaction. J Fam Pract 1996;42(1):62–68.
  30. Littell J, Girvin H. Stages of change: A critique. Behav Modif 2002;26(2):223–73.
  31. Ley P, editor. Patients’ understanding and recall in clinical communication failure. London: Academic Press, 1983.
  32. Steptoe A, Kerry S, Rink E, Hilton S. The impact of behavioral counseling on stage of change in fat intake, physical activity, and cigarette smoking in adults at increased risk of coronary heart disease. Am J Public Health 2001;91(2):265–69.
  33. Branch L, Rabiner D. Rediscovering the patient’s role in receiving health promotion services. Med Care 2000;38(1):70–77.
  34. O’Connor AM, Bennett CL, Stacey D, et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;3:CD001431.
  35. Warsi A, Wang P, LaValley M, Avorn J, Solomon D. Selfmanagement education programs in chronic disease: A systematic review and methodologic critique of the literature. Arch Intern Med 2004;164(15):1641–49.
  36. Ofman J, Badamgarav E, Henning J, et al. Does disease management improve clinical and economic outcomes in patients with chronic diseases? A systematic review. Am J Med 2004;117(3):182–92.
  37. Joos S, Hickam D, Gordon G, Baker L. Effects of physician communication intervention on patient care outcomes. J Gen Intern Med 1996;11(3):147–55.
  38. Hibbard J. Engaging health care consumers to improve quality of care. Med Care 2003;41(1 Suppl):I61–70.
  39. Bodenheimer T, Wagner E, Grumbach K. Improving primary care for patients with chronic illness. JAMA 2002;288(14):1775–79.
  40. Rosenstock I. The health belief model and preventative health behaviour. Health Educ Monogr 1974;2:27–57.
  41. Armitage CJ, Conner M. Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. Br J Soc Psychol 2001;40(Pt 4):471–99.
  42. Janz NK, Becker MH. The health belief model: A decade later. Health Educ Q 1984;11(1):1–47.
  43. Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci 2011;6:42.
  44. Cassidy C. Using the transtheoretical model to facilitate behaviour change in patients with chronic illness. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 1999;11(7):281.
  45. Cahill K, Lancaster T, Green N. Stage-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;11:CD004492.
  46. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Redding C, et al. Stagebased expert systems to guide a population of primary care patients to quit smoking, eat healthier, prevent skin cancer, and receive regular mammograms. Prev Med 2005;41(2):406–16.
  47. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing – Helping people change. 3rd edn. New York: Guildford Press, 2012.
  48. Watt G, Brown G, Budd J, et al. General practitioners at the deep end: The experience and views of general practitioners working in the most severely deprived areas of Scotland. Occasional paper. Edinburgh: Royal College of General Practitioners, 2012.
  49. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian social trends, Mar 2010. Canberra: ABS, 2010 es30Mar+2010 [Accessed 29 April 2016].
  50. National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation and The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. National guide to a preventive health assessment for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. 2nd edn. South Melbourne, Vic: RACGP, 2012.
  51. Harris M, Taggart J, Williams A, et al. Effective interventions to improve health literacy in the management of lifestyle risk factors in primary health care. Paper presented at 6th Health Service & Policy Research Conference. Brisbane: Health Service & Policy Research Conference, 2009.
  52. Rodriguez V, Andrade AD, Garcia-Retamero R, et al. Health literacy, numeracy, and graphical literacy among veterans in primary care and their effect on shared decision making and trust in physicians. J Health Commun 2013;18:273–89.
  53. Harris M, Kidd M, Snowdon T. New models of primary and community care to meet the challenges of chronic disease management and prevention: A discussion paper for NHHRC: National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission. Canbera: Australian Government, 2008.
  54. Adams RJ, Stocks NP, Wilson DH, et al. Health literacy: A new concept for general practice? Aust Fam Physician 2009;38(3):144–47.
  55. Karliner LS, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, Mutha S. Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? A systematic review of the literature. Health Serv Res 2007;42(2):727–54.
  56. Belintxon M, Lopez-Dicastillo O. The challenges of health promotion in a multicultural society: A narrative review. An Sist Sanit Navar 2014;37(3):401–09.
  57. Ethnic Communities’ Council of Victoria. An investment not an expense: Enhancing health literacy in culturally and linguistically diverse communities. Carlton, Vic: Ethnic Communities’ Council of Victoria, 2012.
  58. Abbott P, Reath J, Gordon E, et al. General practitioner supervisor assessment and teaching of registrars consulting with Aboriginal patients – Is cultural competence adequately considered? BMC Med Educ 2014;14:167.
  59. Vass A, Mitchell A, Dhurrkay Y. Health literacy and Australian indigenous peoples: An analysis of the role of language and worldview. Health Promot J Aust 2011;22(1):33–37.
  60. Eckermann A, Dowd T, Chong E, Nixon L, Gray R. Binan Goonj: Bridging cultures in Aboriginal health. 3rd edn. Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier Australia, 2010.
  61. Ware VA. Improving the accessibility of health services in urban and regional settings for Indigenous people. Canberra: Australian Institute for Health and Welfare, 2013.
  62. Harris MF, Bailey L, Snowdon T, et al. Developing the guidelines for preventive care – Two decades of experience. Aust Fam Physician 2010;39(1–2):63–65.
  63. Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: The AGREE project. Qual Saf Health Care 2003;12(1):18–23.
  64. National Health and Medical Research Council. NHMRC additional levels of evidence and grades for recommendations for developers of guidelines. Canberra: NHMRC, 2009 [Accessed 6 January 2016].
This event attracts CPD points and can be self recorded

Did you know you can now log your CPD with a click of a button?

Create Quick log

Advertising