RACGP
Australian Family Physician
Australian Family Physician

Advertising

Volume 44, Issue 10, October 2015

Premature ejaculation: A clinical review for the general physician

Matthew J Roberts Marlon Perera Eric Chung Brent Gilbert
Download article
Cite this article    BIBTEX    REFER    RIS

Background
Premature ejaculation is one of the most common sexual dysfunctions in men. Recent epidemiological studies suggest its prevalence in Australia may range from 21–31%
Objective
This article will discuss the current definition of premature ejaculation from a urological perspective. It will provide an understanding of the pathogenesis of premature ejaculation, as well as assessment and management options.
Discussion
Premature ejaculation can have a significant adverse effect on the quality of life for the patient and his sexual partner’s. It can potentially lead to psychological distress, diminished self- esteem, anxiety, erectile dysfunction, reduced libido and poor interpersonal relationships. Most men feel reluctant to discuss premature ejaculation with their general practitioner despite its psychological, emotional and relational effects. Effective, evidence-based treatment options are available and physicians should feel confident when exploring ways to improve the quality of life for men with sexual dysfunction.

Premature ejaculation is one of the most common sexual dysfunctions, affecting up to 21–31% of the Australian adult male population, irrespective of their age, marital status or ethnicity.1–5 This sexual condition is likely to be under-reported and under-treated because of the patients’ perceived shame and low self-esteem. This is in addition to many physicians feeling uncomfortable or uncertain about the management of premature ejaculation.6,7 The impact of premature ejaculation is mostly felt psychologically and in interpersonal relationships.8 Men with premature ejaculation often experience significant psychological distress, avoid physical and emotional intimacy, and become victims of false medical advertisings and unproven medical management.8–11

The aim of this article is to provide general practitioners (GPs) with an overview to assess and manage patients with premature ejaculation and other associated sexual dysfunction.

Definition and classification

Premature ejaculation is defined as the inability to control or delay ejaculation, which results in dissatisfaction or distress for the patient. Recently, the International Society of Sexual Medicine (ISSM) classified premature ejaculation as lifelong or acquired, and proposed inclusion of an objective, quantifiable time to ejaculation, which is referred to as the intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT). The IELT is defined as the time from vaginal penetration to ejaculation. Lifelong premature ejaculation is characterised by an IELT of <1 minutes since first intercourse, whereas IELT of <3 minutes at any point in a man’s life is considered to be acquired premature ejaculation.12 Premature ejaculation can be further divided into authority-based subtypes ‘variable’ and ‘subjective’ (Table 1), which describe individuals experiencing significant distress and dissatisfaction with ejaculation.12

Table 1. Summary of the four classifications of premature ejaculation

 

Lifelong (primary)

Acquired (secondary)

Variable

Subjective

IELT criteria

<1 minute4

<3 minutes4

Short or normal

Normal or prolonged

Symptoms

Ejaculation occurs too early in nearly every sexual encounter

New onset of premature ejaculation, usually the result of an identifiable source and patient has experienced normal ejaculations in the past

PE is inconsistent and occurs irregularly and not the result of (psycho)pathology

Subjective, self- perception of rapid ejaculation despite normal ejaculation time

Onset

Early, usually from first sexual encounter

Can occur at any time in a man’s life

Can occur at any time in a man’s life

Can occur at any time in a man’s life

Prevalence

Low

Low

High

High

Quality of ejaculation control

Ejaculation remains rapid throughout lifetime with no ability to control ejaculation

Ability to delay ejaculation may be diminished or lacking

Ability to delay ejaculation may be diminished or lacking

Ability to delay ejaculation may be diminished or lacking

Aetiology

  • Genetic
  • Neurobiological
  • Urological (erectile dysfunction, prostatitis)
  • Hormonal (hyperthyroidism)
  • Psychological
  • Relationship problems

Normal variance of sexual performance

Psychological preoccupation with imagined rapid ejaculation

Treatment

  • Pharmacotherapy
  • Psychotherapy +/–
  • Medical management
  • Pharmacotherapy
  • Psychotherapy
  • Education
  • Reassurance
  • Education
  • Behavioural therapy
  • Psychotherapy
  • Reassurance
  • Education

IELT, intravaginal ejaculatory latency time

Pathophysiology and associations

Psychological components often contribute to acquired premature ejaculation. However, it is likely that a complex interplay between neurophysiological factors predominantly influence premature ejaculation. In particular, genetic predisposition for impairment of inhibitory serotonergic pathways that regulate ejaculation, modulated by 5-HT2c , 5-HT1a, 5-HT1b receptors and synaptic serotonin transporters has been reported for lifelong premature ejaculation.13,14 Other conditions, such as chronic prostatitis and hyperthyroidism, may also be associated with acquired premature ejaculation.15,16

Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation frequently co-exist,5,17 as men with erectile dysfunction might try to ejaculate early, before loss of erection.17,18 Thus, detection of comorbid erectile dysfunction is crucial in guiding therapeutic implementation.19

Assessment of premature ejaculation

Patients with premature ejaculation may present to general practice because of personal or partner-initiated reports of erectile or sexual dysfunction, and relationship difficulties. However, when the physician is unsure of the context of the presenting complaint, or uncertain about what to ask, an open-ended question, such as ‘How are things at home?’, may evoke disclosure of relevant symptoms. A full evaluation of the patient’s medical, sexual, psychological, social and drug history, along with his partner’s sexual history, is necessary to identify any factors that may be potentially reversible.

It is also important to explore the perceived degree of ejaculatory control, estimated IELT (precise timing is not necessary), previous attempts to correct premature ejaculation, and the impact on interpersonal relationships and quality of life. Various screening questionnaires such as the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), when combined with clinical assessment, are accurate in diagnosing premature ejaculation if it is unclear.20–22 It is particularly crucial to ascertain whether the diagnosis is lifelong or acquired, and be aware that erectile dysfunction may exacerbate the presentation. Simply inquiring about the loss of an erection before ejaculation can help to distinguish erectile dysfunction from premature ejaculation.

Physical examination of patients who experience premature ejaculation is often unremarkable. Full abdominal, neurological, lower limb and genital examinations are recommended. Although examination has a low diagnostic yield, it facilitates important reassurance for the patient that he is anatomically normal. There are no specific investigations to confirm or exclude premature ejaculation. Any additional investigations should investigate suspicion of contributory factors identified during history and examination.

Management of premature ejaculation

Ideally, discussions about management should involve the patient and his regular sexual partner. Treatment choice requires consideration of symptom severity, reversible causes, psychosocial impact, side effects and patient preferences.23

In clinical practice, management is complex and requires a combination of pharmacological, psychological and behavioural treatments (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Premature ejaculation management algorithm4
Reproduced with permission from Althof SE, Abdo CH, Dean J, et al. International Society for Sexual Medicine’s guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation. J Sex Med 2010;7:2947–69.

Conservative management options

Psychological therapy

Initially, psychological therapy was the mainstay of treatment for premature ejaculation. It is used less in current clinical practice because of time constraints, costs and requirement for strong compliance from couples.

Inconsistent, randomised evidence evaluating psychological therapy suggests its efficacy decreases over time24 and is inferior to pharmacotherapy.25 However, psychological therapy may be a suitable first-line treatment for patients with subjective premature ejaculation, or when a clear psychological aetiology is present.26 This can also be used to manage distress related to sexual dysfunctional, or in combination with pharmacotherapy.12,27

Behavioural therapy

Various behavioural changes have been suggested in the literature. For example, precoital masturbation is widely thought to improve IELT, but there is a lack of data to support this practice. Alternative behavioural therapy modalities attempt to attenuate the sensory responses of ejaculation by interrupting heightened arousal. These include the ‘stop-start’ (ceased genital stimulation until heightened arousal sensation subsides)28 and ‘squeeze’ (where the glans prepuce is squeezed at heightened arousal)29 techniques. These techniques are often considered intrusive, mechanical and disruptive of the normal spontaneity of coitus, and of little benefit when used alone. Other behavioural techniques include the use of multiple condoms and pelvic floor exercises. These techniques may improve premature ejaculation when combined with pharmacotherapy, but further efficacy studies are required.30

Complementary and alternative therapy

There is limited evidence supporting the use of acupuncture for the treatment of premature ejaculation.31 However, complementary and alternative medicine is not a recommended form of treatment for premature ejaculation.32

Medical management

Topical anaesthetic agents

Anaesthetic aerosols and creams containing lignocaine, lignocaine/prilocaine or herbal-derived anaesthetic agents can increase IELT and sexual satisfaction. These agents are often recommended as treatments for premature ejaculation.12,33–35 They are applied to the glans penis well ahead of sexual intercourse and should be used in conjunction with condoms to avoid numbness in the partner’s genitals.

Table 2. Summary of current medical agents for premature ejaculation

Agent

Recommended dose

Half-life (hours)

IELT fold increase

Adverse effects

Additional notes

Dapoxetine

(SSRI) – short acting

30–60 mg,

1–3 hours before intercourse

1.5

2.5–3

 

Nausea, diarrhoea, headache, somnolence, dizziness

  • TGA approved, not currently on PBS
  • No significant drug–drug interactions
  • Effective treatment for both acquired and lifelong PE

Paroxetine

(SSRI)

10–40 mg/day and

20 mg, 3–4 hours

prior to intercourse

21

11.6

Insomnia, anxiety, nausea, loss of libido, ED, anhidrosis

  • Off-label prescriptions
  • Used for lifelong and acquired PE
  • Therapeutic effect achieved in 2–3 weeks
  • May hinder sperm motility
  • May induce mania in bipolar patients
  • On-demand use not as effective without daily regimen

Fluoxetine

(SSRI)

20–40 mg/day

36

5

Insomnia, anxiety, nausea, loss of libido, ED, anhidrosis

Sertraline

(SSRI)

50–200 mg/day and

50 mg, 4–8 hours prior to intercourse

26

5

Insomnia, anxiety, nausea, loss of libido, ED, anhidrosis

Clomipramine

(TCA)

12.5–50 mg/day and

25 mg, 4–24 hours prior to intercourse

19–37

6

Nausea, dry mouth, ED, hot flushes, arrhythmias

Tramadol

25–50 mg, 3–5 hours prior to intercourse

5–7

4–7.3

Nausea, dizziness, insomnia, dyspepsia, seizures

  • Possible opioid addiction
  • TCAs and SSRIs are contraindicated with Tramadol use
  • Multiple drug interactions-only indicated as monotherapy in refractory PE

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors

25–100 mg, 30–50 minutes

prior to intercourse

3–6

Monotherapy has no effect on IELT

Headache, flushing, dyspepsia

  • Used for concomitant ED and PE
  • Improved efficacy when combined with SSRI therapy
  • Not established monotherapy for PE

Prilocaine-lignocaine topical cream/aerosols

2.5 g, applied 20–30 minutes prior to intercourse

1–2

4–6

ED, loss of sensation in penis and partner’s vagina, skin irritation

  • Condom use encouraged
  • Used with SSRIs
  • Off-label prescription

ED, erectile dysfunction; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic antidepressants; TGA, Therapeutic Goods Administration; PBS, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

Serotonergic antidepressants

Serotonin inhibits ejaculation and its effects are potentiated by tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). TCAs are effective, but infrequently used because they have prominent side effects, including nausea, dry mouth, erectile dysfunction, hot flushes and cardiotoxicity. Clomipramine is the only TCA in routine use.12,35

The therapeutic efficacy of SSRIs for premature ejaculation is well supported by the literature.36 Daily SSRI use may improve ejaculation delay after a few days; maximal delay is usually achieved after 1–2 weeks. Paroxetine is the most effective SSRI. However, paroxetine is not suitable for on-demand use because it has a slow onset of action (5 hours) and long half-life (1–3 days), and daily dosing is required to maintain efficacy.12 Daily SSRI dosing is more effective than on-demand treatment and is often favoured by patients because spontaneity of sex is maintained; however, compliance issues can occur with long-term use.

Doses of SSRI for premature ejaculation are significantly less than those used for depression, but have a similar side effect profile. Common side effects are fatigue, nausea, diarrhoea, dry mouth and decreased libido.37 There are also anecdotal accounts of infertility.38 Serotonin syndrome may also pose a risk if the patient is on concomitant treatment with drugs that elevate serotonin levels.37

Despite evidence supporting the use of clomipramine and traditional SSRIs (eg paroxetine, sertraline and fluoxetine) for the treatment of premature ejaculation, they are not licenced for treatment of this condition. As such, use of these agents for premature ejaculation would be off-label and incur costs to the patient, as they are not subsidised by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) for this indication.24

In 2010, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approved dapoxetine for the use in premature ejaculation in Australia. However, this remains unsubsidised by the PBS. Dapoxetine is a newly developed SSRI that is rapidly absorbed (1–3 hours) and provides fast-acting treatment of premature ejaculation.39 Similarly to other SSRIs, dapoxetine should be used with caution in patients with cardiac, hepatic or renal impairment. Dapoxetine has been shown to increase IELT by 2.5–3 minutes with minimal adverse effects.36,40 Patients should take 30 mg of dapoxetine at least 30 minutes before sexual intercourse. Published studies found dapoxetine to be equally effective in men with lifelong and acquired premature ejaculation. It was also found to be well tolerated in men with premature ejaculation and comorbid erectile dysfunction treated with phosphodiesterase-5 type drugs.36,40

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors

 The precise beneficial mechanism of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for premature ejaculation is unclear and its use as monotherapy is controversial.41,42 It does not affect IELT but may improve premature ejaculation in patients with comorbid erectile dysfunction by providing a perception of greater control over ejaculation.41 In this population, guidelines suggest treating erectile dysfunction and assessing the response on premature ejaculation symptomatology.12

Tramadol

Tramadol is an effective, on-demand treatment for premature ejaculation, although the mechanism of action is unknown. Doses of 25–62 mg were well tolerated, compared with placebo, and were found to significantly increase IELT, heighten sexual satisfaction and improve ejaculatory control.43,44 These results were more pronounced in patients with severe premature ejaculation (baseline IELT <1 minute). Tramadol has a number of drug interactions and should be used with caution in combination with SSRIs because of the risk of serotonin syndrome. It should only be considered for monotherapy use in men with refractory premature ejaculation.12 Ongoing studies are required to evaluate drug interactions, opioid dependence issues and the underlining mechanism of action.43

Surgical management

Circumcision and surgical management options for premature ejaculation are currently under investigation and not recommended. Experimental surgical therapies, such as dorsal penile nerve cryoablation, and neuromodulation and hyaluronic acid gel glans augmentation for refractory lifelong premature ejaculation have been reported to improve IELT.45–47 Botulinum toxin injections into ejaculatory muscles are currently being explored to prevent premature ejaculation.48

Follow-up and referral

Follow-up is an essential part of premature ejaculation management. It facilitates treatment optimisation, emphasis on key features of premature ejaculation and enables additional information gathering.49 In complex or refractory cases, specialist assistance may be sought from a sexual health physician or urologist. Input from sex therapists or psychiatrists may also be beneficial.

Conclusion

Premature ejaculation is the most common cause of male sexual dysfunction. Most patients who experience premature ejaculation are likely to require multi-modal management strategies involving pharmacological, behavioural and psychological components. Patients should be monitored closely to ensure treatment and sexual satisfaction.

Key points

  • Premature ejaculation is the most common cause of sexual dysfunction, especially in the younger age group.
  • It is estimated that premature ejaculation affects up to 31% of Australian males.
  • Premature ejaculation causes significant psychological, emotional and interpersonal distress for the patient and his partner.
  • Premature ejaculation can be lifelong (primary) or acquired (secondary), and this distinction guides management.
  • Management of premature ejaculation should involve the patient and his partner, and is likely to require a multi-modal approach with pharmacological, behavioural and psychological therapies.
  • Currently, no premature ejaculation therapies are subsidised by the PBS.

Authors

Eric Chung MBBS, FRACS, Consultant Urological Surgeon, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane QLD; and AndroUrology Centre, Brisbane QLD. ericchg@hotmail.com

Brent Gilbert MBBS, Urology Resident Medical Officer, Mackay Base Hospital, Mackay QLD

Marlon Perera MBBS, Urology Registrar, Mackay Base Hospital, Mackay QLD

Matthew J Roberts MBBS, PhD, Urology Registrar, Mackay Base Hospital, Mackay QLD, and The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane QLD

Competing interests: Eric Chung has previously been paid for consultancy and/or lectures by Lilly, GSK and Astellas.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned, externally peer reviewed.


References
  1. Althof SE. Prevalence, characteristics and implications of premature ejaculation/rapid ejaculation. J Urol 2006;175:842–48. Search PubMed
  2. McMahon CG, Lee G, Park JK, Adaikan PG. Premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction prevalence and attitudes in the Asia-Pacific region. J Sex Med 2012;9:454–65. Search PubMed
  3. Porst H, Montorsi F, Rosen RC, Gaynor L, Grupe S, Alexander J. The Premature Ejaculation Prevalence and Attitudes (PEPA) survey: Prevalence, comorbidities, and professional help-seeking. Eur Urol 2007;51:816–23. Search PubMed
  4. Althof SE, Abdo CH, Dean J, et al. International Society for Sexual Medicine’s guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation. J Sex Med 2010;7:2947–69. Search PubMed
  5. Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and predictors. JAMA 1999;281:537–44. Search PubMed
  6. Moreira ED Jr, Brock G, Glasser DB, et al. Help-seeking behaviour for sexual problems: The global study of sexual attitudes and behaviors. Int J Clin Pract 2005;59:6–16. Search PubMed
  7. Aschka C, Himmel W, Ittner E, Kochen MM. Sexual problems of male patients in family practice. J Fam Pract 2001;50:773–78. Search PubMed
  8. Symonds T, Roblin D, Hart K, Althof S. How does premature ejaculation impact a man s life? J Sex Marital Ther 2003;29:361–70. Search PubMed
  9. Althof S. The psychology of premature ejaculation: Therapies and consequences. J Sex Med 2006;3 Suppl 4:324–31. Search PubMed
  10. Rosen RC, Althof S. Impact of premature ejaculation: The psychological, quality of life, and sexual relationship consequences. J Sex Med 2008;5:1296–307. Search PubMed
  11. Rowland D, Perelman M, Althof S, et al. Self-reported premature ejaculation and aspects of sexual functioning and satisfaction. J Sex Med 2004;1:225–32. Search PubMed
  12. Althof SE, McMahon CG, Waldinger MD, et al. An update of the International Society of Sexual Medicine’s Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Premature Ejaculation (PE). J Sex Med 2014;2:60–90. Search PubMed
  13. Jern P, Santtila P, Witting K, et al. Premature and delayed ejaculation: Genetic and environmental effects in a population-based sample of Finnish twins. J Sex Med 2007;4:1739–49. Search PubMed
  14. Janssen PK, Bakker SC, Rethelyi J, et al. Serotonin transporter promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism is associated with the intravaginal ejaculation latency time in Dutch men with lifelong premature ejaculation. J Sex Med 2009;6:276–84. Search PubMed
  15. Maggi M, Buvat J, Corona G, Guay A, Torres LO. Hormonal causes of male sexual dysfunctions and their management (hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disorders, GH disorders, and DHEA). J Sex  Med 2013;10:661–77. Search PubMed
  16. Liang CZ, Zhang XJ, Hao ZY, Shi HQ, Wang KX. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in Chinese men with chronic prostatitis. BJU Int 2004;93:568–70. Search PubMed
  17. Jannini EA, Lombardo F, Lenzi A. Correlation between ejaculatory and erectile dysfunction. Int J Androl 2005;28 Suppl 2:40–45. Search PubMed
  18. Rowland D, McMahon CG, Abdo C, et al. Disorders of orgasm and ejaculation in men. J Sex Med 2010;7:1668–86. Search PubMed
  19. McMahon CG. Screening for erectile dysfunction in men with lifelong premature ejaculation – Is the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) reliable? J Sex Med 2009;6:567–73. Search PubMed
  20. Althof S, Rosen R, Symonds T, Mundayat R, May K, Abraham L. Development and validation of a new questionnaire to assess sexual satisfaction, control, and distress associated with premature ejaculation. J Sex Med 2006;3:465–75. Search PubMed
  21. Symonds T, Perelman M, Althof S, et al. Further evidence of the reliability and validity of the premature ejaculation diagnostic tool. Int J Impot Res 2007;19:521–25. Search PubMed
  22. Kam SC, Han DH, Lee SW. The diagnostic value of the premature ejaculation diagnostic tool and its association with intravaginal ejaculatory latency time. J Sex Med 2011;8:865–71. Search PubMed
  23. Porst H. An overview of pharmacotherapy in premature ejaculation. J Sex Med 2011;8 Suppl 4:335–41. Search PubMed
  24. Melnik T, Althof S, Atallah AN, Puga ME, Glina S, Riera R. Psychosocial interventions for premature ejaculation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD008195. Search PubMed
  25. Steggall MJ, Fowler CG, Pryce A. Combination therapy for premature ejaculation: Results of a small scale study. Sex Relation Ther 2008;23:365–76. Search PubMed
  26. Waldinger MD. Recent advances in the classification, neurobiology and treatment of premature ejaculation. Adv Psychosom Med 2008;29:50–69. Search PubMed
  27. De Amicis LA, Goldberg DC, LoPiccolo J, Friedman J, Davies L. Clinical follow-up of couples treated for sexual dysfunction. Arch Sex Behavior 1985;14:467–89. Search PubMed
  28. Semans JH. Premature ejaculation: A new approach. South Med J 1956;49:353–58. Search PubMed
  29. Masters WJV. Human sexual inadequacy. Boston: Little Brown, 1970. Search PubMed
  30. Hartmann UH. Words of wisdom. Re: Effects of a new functional-sexological treatment for premature ejaculation. Eur Urol 2007;52:1259–61. Search PubMed
  31. Sunay D, Sunay M, Aydogmus Y, et al. Acupuncture versus paroxetine for the treatment of premature ejaculation: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur Urol 2011;59:765–71. Search PubMed
  32. Ho CC, Singam P, Hong GE, Zainuddin ZM. Male sexual dysfunction in Asia. Asian J Androl 2011;13:537–42. Search PubMed
  33. Atan A, Basar MM, Tuncel A, Ferhat M, Agras K, Tekdogan U. Comparison of efficacy of sildenafil-only, sildenafil plus topical EMLA cream, and topical EMLA-cream-only in treatment of premature ejaculation. Urol 2006;67:388–91. Search PubMed
  34. Busato W, Galindo CC. Topical anaesthetic use for treating premature ejaculation: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. BJU Int 2004;93:1018–21. Search PubMed
  35. Hatzimouratidis K, Amar E, Eardley I, et al. Guidelines on male sexual dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Eur Urol 2010;57:804–14. Search PubMed
  36. McMahon CG, Althof SE, Kaufman JM, et al. Efficacy and safety of dapoxetine for the treatment of premature ejaculation: Integrated analysis of results from five phase 3 trials. J Sex Med 2011;8:524–39. Search PubMed
  37. Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al. AUA guideline on the pharmacologic management of premature ejaculation. J Urol 2004;172:290–94. Search PubMed
  38. Tanrikut C, Feldman AS, Altemus M, Paduch DA, Schlegel PN. Adverse effect of paroxetine on sperm. Fert Ster 2010;94:1021–26. Search PubMed
  39. Pryor JL, Althof SE, Steidle C, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of dapoxetine in treatment of premature ejaculation: An integrated analysis of two double-blind, randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2006;368:929–37. Search PubMed
  40. Porst H, McMahon CG, Althof SE, et al. Baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes for men with acquired or lifelong premature ejaculation with mild or no erectile dysfunction: Integrated analyses of two phase 3 dapoxetine trials. J Sex Med 2010;7:2231–42. Search PubMed
  41. McMahon CG, McMahon CN, Leow LJ, Winestock CG. Efficacy of type-5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the drug treatment of premature ejaculation: A systematic review. BJU Int 2006;98:259–72. Search PubMed
  42. Aversa A, Pili M, Francomano D, et al. Effects of vardenafil administration on intravaginal ejaculatory latency time in men with lifelong premature ejaculation. Int J Impot Res 2009;21:221–27. Search PubMed
  43. Salem EA, Wilson SK, Bissada NK, Delk JR, Hellstrom WJ, Cleves MA. Tramadol HCL has promise in on-demand use to treat premature ejaculation. J Sex Med 2008;5:188–93. Search PubMed
  44. Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY. Safety and efficacy of tramadol in the treatment of premature ejaculation: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose, randomized study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:27–31. Search PubMed
  45. Kwak TI, Jin MH, Kim JJ, Moon DG. Long-term effects of glans penis augmentation using injectable hyaluronic acid gel for premature ejaculation. Int J Impot Res 2008;20:425–28. Search PubMed
  46. Abdallah H, Abdelnasser T, Hosny H, Selim O, Al-Ahwany A, Shamloul R. Treatment of premature ejaculation by glans penis augmentation using hyaluronic acid gel: A pilot study. Andrologia 2012;44 Suppl 1:650–53. Search PubMed
  47. Namavar MR, Robati B. Removal of foreskin remnants in circumcised adults for treatment of premature ejaculation. Urol Ann 2011;3:87–92. Search PubMed
  48. Serefoglu EC, Silay MS. Botulinum toxin-A injection may be beneficial in the treatment of life-long premature ejaculation. Med Hypoth 2010;74:83–84. Search PubMed
  49. Moncada I. The importance of follow-up in patients with premature ejaculation. The J Sex Med 2011;8 Suppl 4:353–59. Search PubMed
Download article PDF

Advertising

Australian Family Physician RACGP

Printed from Australian Family Physician - https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/october/premature-ejaculation-a-clinical-review-for-the-ge
© The Australian College of General Practitioners www.racgp.org.au