Management of type 2 diabetes

Susan Harch MBBS(Hons), BMedSc(Hons), is Population Health Resident Medical Officer, Kimberley Population Health Unit, Broome, Western Australia.

David Reeve BSc(Hons), DrPH, is Acting Primary Health Manager, Kimberley Population Health Unit, Broome, Western Australia.

Carole Reeve MBChB, MPH, is Public Health Medical Officer, Kimberley Population Health Unit, Broome, Western Australia.

The Fitzroy Valley is a remote region of the Kimberley in Western Australia. More than 80% of the population are Indigenous Australian with 86% aged less than 50 years.⁵ The Fitzroy Crossing hospital (Fitzroy Valley Health Service or FVHS) and the Kimberley Population Health Unit (KPHU) are both funded by the State Health Service and provide services in Fitzroy Crossing and outreach clinics in the larger surrounding communities. 'Healthy for Life' is a Commonwealth program aimed at improving the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. It funds dedicated positions in Fitzroy Crossing through KPHU. Nindilingarri Cultural Health Services (NCHS) is a Commonwealth funded Aboriginal medical service; it provides nonclinical health services for the Fitzroy Valley.

The model

Over the past 4 years – as part of a formal partnership agreement – FVHS, KPHU and NCHS have moved toward an integrated primary healthcare model.⁶

This new model of care is based on Wagner's chronic disease care model.7 The fundamental environmental enabler has been the community components of policy change and availability of dedicated resources. The Healthy for Life program created employment for a coordinator, a diabetes educator and Aboriginal project officers.

The partnership enabled the re-organisation of healthcare delivery using the clinical information system Communicare (Communicare Systems Pty Ltd 1998–2010), which facilitated proactive screening, recall for follow up, decision support and self management.

This holistic approach is fundamental for successful prevention and management of chronic diseases.^8–9

The intervention

Between March and September 2010, the KPHU resident medical officer (RMO) spent 3 days a week in the Fitzroy Valley working with the hospital, the NCHS health promotion team, KPHU community health and the Healthy for Life staff.

Redesign of the health delivery system included:

• development of multidisciplinary care teams
• population management – protocol based management, self management support and intensive follow up.^1,8

The intervention resulted in regular community health promotion days for screening and education, and team outreach clinics for the development of self management care plans with patients.

The Communicare software, which previously was utilised predominantly as an acute care medical record, was used to provide a population approach by:

• identifying the population at risk through proactive systematic screening (health checks)
• developing disease registers
• providing intensive follow up (recalls)
• best practice care (Chronic Disease Care Plans and Diabetes Annual Cycle of Care templates)
• using this electronic information in an audit cycle as continuous quality improvement.

Inclusion criteria of patients for the audit were:

• a confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes
• patient nomination of Fitzroy Valley as their current residence
• one or more attendances at FVHS within the previous 24 months (1 March 2008 to 1 March 2010).

Patients were excluded if they had type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes or if they stated they did not reside in the Fitzroy Valley. No limits were placed on age or Aboriginality.

Measurement and data collection

Process indicators (health checks, care plans and Diabetes Annual Cycle of Care completion) and intermediate outcome indicators (achieving therapeutic targets) were measured at the commencement and end of the RMO placement (1 March and 1 September 2010) to review the impact of the change management process.

Data was extracted via the report function of the electronic medical record system, Communicare.

Process of care indicators and intermediate therapeutic outcomes were compared before and after the implementation of an enhanced chronic disease program and benchmarked against the current regional guideline, The Kimberley Chronic Disease Therapeutic Protocols: Diabetes II¹⁰ in a similar manner to other chronic disease audits.¹¹ The protocol is based on The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) and Diabetes Australia guidelines for processes of care and therapeutic targets.¹²

Diabetes prevalence was calculated using number of people screened as the denominator.

Statistical analyses were performed using the software program SPSS (Version 13, Chicago, Illinois). Means and proportions were used to describe continuous and binomial data. Differences in process and intermediate outcomes between the two time-points were analysed with paired sample t-tests. Tests were two-tailed, with statistical significance at p<0.05.

Ethics approval was granted by the Western Australia Country Health Service Research Ethics Committee and Western Australian Aboriginal Health Information and Ethics Committee.

Results

Characteristics of the study population are described in Table 1. The estimated prevalence of known diabetes in the Fitzroy Valley was 10.3%.

The number of patients with a current health check or Diabetes Annual Cycle of Care increased by 242 and 28 respectively. The completion of recommended examinations or investigations during the recommended timeframe at the first time-point (baseline) varied between care types (Table 3).

Adherence to the protocol improved across all care items at the second time-point, 1 September 2010 (Table 3). The exception was glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) testing. As the recommended timeframe for some of the indicators are 1 year and 2 years respectively, the data will be recollected at those points as part of continuous quality improvement.

At baseline, the number of patients achieving the recommended therapeutic targets ranged between 19.7% and 59.1% (Table 4). A statistically significant improvement in the proportion of patients achieving the therapeutic target for total cholesterol and triglycerides was observed at the completion of the 6 month interval. With the exception of diastolic blood pressure (BP), all other parameters showed some improvement in the number of patients reaching targets, although it was not statistically significant.

Discussion

This study provides quantitative evidence of improvement in process and intermediate outcome indicators following the implementation of multidisciplinary, culturally appropriate, coordinated care in the Fitzroy Valley.

The population prevalence of known diabetes in the Fitzroy Valley was calculated to be approximately 10.3%, this is consistent with other remote indigenous communities reported in the literature.^13–14 These high rates of type 2 diabetes demonstrate the need for proactive screening for chronic disease and best practice chronic disease management.

The improvement in the number of health checks at FVHS will facilitate earlier diagnoses of chronic disease. This has been previously observed in the literature by an urban indigenous health service.¹⁵

The statistically significant improvement in process indicators also demonstrates the effectiveness of a systematic proactive approach to chronic disease care. There is a suggestion that the improvement in chronic disease process and intermediate outcome indicators, as seen in this audit, will over time result in improved health outcomes.⁹

The implementation of the new model of care saw improvement across most outcome indicators, most notably in cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It is challenging to compare the number of patients achieving therapeutic targets at FVHS to that of other health services published in the literature due to the use of varied 'target outcomes'.^16–18 However, the proportion of patients at FVHS achieving targets, such as HbA1c, was generally similar to that of a major metropolitan Sydney teaching hospital¹⁹ and community health centres in the Northern Territory.¹⁶

As described by Wagner⁹ we found the key elements of a successful chronic disease program to be:

• community policy and resources to enable redesign of healthcare
• redesign of healthcare – multidisciplinary care teams and clinical information systems, which enable population management
delivery system design, decision support and self management.

Although the partnership and clinical information system had been in place for several years, this project provided a catalyst for a coordinated team approach, which was the key to bringing all the elements together in a new model of care.

Conclusion

Organisational changes, which incorporate clinical information systems and community partnerships, are particularly valuable given the highly mobile nature of both patients and healthcare providers in remote settings such as the Fitzroy Valley. This audit is an initial step in the chronic disease quality improvement cycle. Our findings demonstrate an effective chronic disease model for rural and remote Aboriginal communities. It is hoped that future quality improvement audits will demonstrate further improvements in both care processes and outcomes.

Conflict of interest: none declared.

References

1. National Health Priority Action Council. National Chronic Disease Strategy. Department of Health and Ageing, 2006.
2. National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation and The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners 2005. Evidence base to a preventive health assessment in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Available at www.racgp.org.au/Content/NavigationMenu/ ClinicalResources/RACGPGuidelines/ Nationalguidetoapreventiveas sessmentin AboriginalandTorresStraitislanderpeoples /200509evidence_base.pdf.
3. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4715.0 – National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey, 2004–2005. Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra, 2006.
4. Wang Z, Hoy W. Association between diabetes and coronary heart disease in Aboriginal people: are women disadvantaged? Med J Aust 2004;180:508–11.
5. 2006 Census of Population and Housing, Postal Area 6765. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006. Available at www.ausstats.abs. gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/B1BCF4E6DD32 0A0BCA25714C001822BC/$File/47150_2004-05. pdf.
6. World Health Organization. Health Care: Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care; Alma-Ata, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 6–12 September 1978. Geneva, 1978.
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9. Wagner EH. The role of patient care teams in chronic disease management. BMJ 2000;320:569– 72.
10. Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council. Kimberley Chronic Disease Therapeutic Protocols: Diabetes Type II [updated 15th July 2009]. Available at www.kamsc.org.au/resources/ resourceguidelines.html [Accessed 27 April 2010].
11. Menzies School of Health Research. The Menzies Institute Audit and Best Practice for Chronic Disease tools (ABCD). Available at http://menzies. edu.au/research/services-systems-and-society/ abcd-national-research-parnership-project/benefits- health-serv [Accessed 20 September 2011].
12. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and Diabetes Australia, Diabetes Management in General Practice, 17th edn, 20011/12. Available at www.racgp.org.au/ Content/NavigationMenu/ClinicalResources/ RACGPGuidelines/Diabetesmanagement/2011 07diabetesmanagementingeneralpractice.pdf [Accessed 16 September 2011].
13. Maple-Brown LJ, Brimblecombe J, Chisholm DJ, et al. Diabetes care and complications in a remote primary health care setting. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004; 64:77–83.
14. Couzos S, Melanie T, Colagiuri S, Colagiuri R. Adult Health, Diabetes Prevention and Early Detection. In: National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation, editor. Evidence base to a preventive health assessment in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Melbourne: The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners; 2005, p. 51–65.
15. Spurling G, Hayman N, Cooney A. Adult health checks for Indigenous Australians: the first year's experience from Inala Indigenous Health Service. Med J Aust 2009;190:562–4.
16. Si D, Bailie R, Connors C, et al. Assessing health centre systems for guiding improvement in diabetes care. BMC Health Serv Res 2005;5:56.
17. Simmons D, Bourke L, Yau E, Hoodless M. Diabetes risk factors, diabetes and diabetes care in a rural Australian community. Aust J Rural Health 2007;15:296–303.
18. Tapp RJ. Diabetes care in an Australian population: frequency of screening examinations for eye and foot complications of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:688.
19. Bryant W, Greenfield JR, Chisholm DJ, Campbell LV. Diabetes guidelines: easier to preach than to practise? Med J Aust 2006;185:305–9.

Correspondence afp@racgp.org.au

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